Whether you are a recent graduate, self-taught or an established designer looking to make a change in your career, web design as a vocation has changed out of all recognition over the last few years. Where HTML jockeys once ruled the web, today if you want to get ahead in web design you need an armoury of skills that you can sell to an employer. More designers are also breaking away from traditional studios and setting themselves up as freelance agents in a bid to fulfil their creative ambitions.
No matter how you came into web design, understanding the market as well as possessing the skills you'll need to succeed are both essential. To make it in what is now a very competitive and creative environment you'll need flair, good business sense, solid skills in your chosen field and a relentless pursuit of your goal. Web design is one of the most dynamic fields any designer can work in, but how do you land that dream job?
Design landscape
The dotcom crash of the late Nineties was a turning point in web and multimedia design. Before the crash shook the industry, anyone with a basic knowledge of HTML could get a job hand coding pages or flying an early version of Dreamweaver. The design industry that had a background in print couldn't quite understand what design for the screen really meant. After the crash, some hard lessons were learnt as the industry put itself back onto its feet. The new web would not only have a much sounder business footing to build on; it would also use the design lessons of the screen generation and apply them to the new wave of websites that blasted across millions of PC screen worldwide.
The good news is that today if you're looking for a web or new media post, the range of jobs on offer has mushroomed. Where once HTML skills reigned supreme, today a more rounded approach to design is required by the industry as a whole. Yes, technical ability is still required, but this must be supported with a well defined design sense. If you can't use your technical prowess to solve problems, you'll find it impossible to land a job in this industry.
No blagging allowed!
One question that is often asked is what skills you should gain to give yourself the best chance of securing a job. Web design today encompasses many technical disciplines, which you’ll be required to be fluent in. The industry as a whole is moving away from highly specialised designers to staff that is multi skilled.
The design industry doesn't tolerate anyone who can't deliver what they say they can. If you're lucky enough to land a position, from day one you'll be required to prove to your employer that they made the right decision. You can either do the work or you can't there's no middle ground. And in an industry that puts great trust in reputations, you should protect yours at all costs.
You can't have failed to notice the increase in online portfolios that have now become a part of
the design landscape. In this industry it's what you can do that counts to prospective employers. They simply don't care which university you went to or who your teachers were. All they want to know is what you as a designer can do for them. You show them with your portfolio. It should showcase your best work but also illustrate the kind of designer you are. Companies that are commissioning web designers for entire web based projects or for content need to know you 'fit' with the company, and that the work you'll produce complements their brand identity. Take a look at your current portfolio. What's it say about you? Does it reflect your particular design sensibilities?
Many budding web designers are of course self-taught. If you're reading this and have never had a formal design lesson in your life, this doesn't mean you have to abandon your dream of becoming a web designer. Academic qualifications have to a degree (excuse the pun) taken a back seat in favour of hands on skills. Web design is now a diverse industry and offers a large number of specific jobs that you can work in. From creative director to artworker, there is a job that's perfect for you. Talk to other designers; expand your knowledge and work on developing your creativity. But don't forget that often you will be asked to work within a team, so hone your communication skills as well.
Freelance freedom
Landing a job in a design agency can be easier said than done, which is why many designers make the decision to employ themselves. Going down the freelance route can have many benefits, but take this step with great care. Running your own design agency will require that you're not only the design principle but also the person who has to deal with the more mundane tasks of running a business such as cash flow and profit and loss. Do you have a business head to go with your design talent?
Freelancing can also be a lonely existence, with just yourself to rely on for company. You may find that your personality and therefore your design sense is better supported in a group environment. This is why, over recent years, design collectives have appeared that offer the independence of being a freelance designer, but also the rewards of shared studio space and of course the creative input from the other designers in the office. This could be a halfway house for you if you aren't keen on full employment but dread the thought of working alone in your spare room. How many mates did you keep in touch with after your graduation year? Give them a call you might have a new business in the making.
Design future
Web design is a dynamic industry perhaps more dynamic than any other. To attract employers or get a regular flow of work into your own business, you must understand the market you're in and produce work that demonstrates an understanding of today's culture but which also has one eye on the future. If you can spot design trends in the web industry you will never be out of work.
Flash continues to be dominant on the web, and with a new version always ready in the wings you'll need to get up to speed with any new features quickly. Don't forget you're in competition with every other designer in the industry. Learn how to use the new tools, but use them creatively. Ask yourself how you can catch the eye of prospective employers. Corporate clients will also want to see that you can produce work that considers the accessibility laws they have to abide by. You may be able to produce some great web design work, but this must always be within the context of regulations that your client is all too aware of. In the commercial world that will pay your mortgage, there is little room for design for design's sake! Save this for your personal web projects.
A career in web design can be extremely rewarding. Whether you take the path of employee or start your own agency, the same principles apply; you are in a competitive industry with other agencies or designers chasing a finite amount of work. In an industry that has become very crowded of late, employers and clients with money to spend are looking for the diamonds in the rough. Work at your portfolio. Enter all the competitions you can. Look for innovative ways of getting your work seen. Eventually you'll get your break and your career will be up and running.
Website Design: a Diverse Range of Opportunities in a Thriving Industry
Diposting oleh Nutrisi Probiotik Burung Label: design Grafis News
Things to See When Choosing a Logo Design Company
Diposting oleh Nutrisi Probiotik Burung Label: design Grafis NewsLogo is the face of your company. It is the first and foremost step in establishing corporate identity of a business. People often treat it as mere graphic symbol and don’t pay enough attention to how it looks; whether or not it reflects philosophy and objective of the business or not. We are living in a world that is witnessing rapid development in all walks of life. Corporate world is welcoming new players aboard everyday. In such scenario, where competition has become the key to success, logo plays the role of a savior. A brilliantly designed logo has the power to set your business on the path the leads to pinnacle of success. However, it is not easy to find a logo design company that can provide you with high quality results. There are myriad logo design companies that are providing clients with logo and other corporate identity related designing. Some of these are good but expensive while some are reasonable but produce run-of-the-mill results.
Since a logo is something that a spectator would see about the company or a product, it should be distinct, unique and unforgettable. When a logo design company takes up designing job it ensures to incorporate all important elements to the concoction of a logo: appropriate colors, philosophy of the product/business and communicativeness. A good logo design company becomes best when it learns the art of adding communication to the designs. Whether, it logo or stationary or website, each step in the ladder of distinct corporate image should synchronize with other. It does not matter if a logo design company is working on the corporate identity of the business or product from the scratch.
There are certain things that should be identified in a logo design company before selecting one. First thing that one must see is the logo design portfolio which is available with the design company. Most of the logo design companies have made their portfolios available on their website. Spent some time to take a look at the portfolio; this small exercise will save you from further problems. The portfolio will let you summarize the capabilities of the designers. Reviewing portfolio will help you to decide whether or not you should utilize services of that logo design company.
Rates are an important aspect you must check out before giving you critical job in the hands of the logo design company. Designing is a specialized field and requires money for research and study. There are many logo design companies that offer their services for extremely easy-on-pocket rates but this attraction makes you weep for all the days to come. Corporate designing is an investment that you make to take your business to new heights; ensuring that it soars amongst your competitors.
Third step in the quest of finding a professional logo design agency is to see if your logo design company takes you in confidence during the phase of creating your designs. This way you will know how your design moulds from idea into reality. Transparency will save from further hassle of amendments that you might need otherwise.
Always ascertain if the company has refund policy. Refund policy means the company is sure about its performance, quality and turnaround time and is confident that the client will never turn down the job completely.
Also make sure that you get original work in the name of designs. There are numerous logo design companies that take inspiration from the work of other companies to the extent of copying. You business/product can bear serious consequence of this”inspiration” if you are unable to detect. Professional logo design companies inspire their own brains. Trusting average design companies can be really disastrous to business/product.
You have to know what you want from your logo and convey your ideas to the design company with absolute lucidity. Your logo or other corporate designs must be created keeping in view the consumers and their choices. A consumer would like to see precise, make sense logo. If your logo design company fails in producing the desired results then your entire effort, time and money will go in vain.
Very few logo design companies offer all of the mentioned qualities. If it is reasonable, it would not provide with quality or might not be fast. There are certain logo design companies that hire novice designers to work on crucial corporate designs. However, there is one logo design company that doesn’t compromise on anything. Infinity Logo Design provides its clients with exclusive portfolio that lists the logos we have created for our clients. Though, we are engaged in extensive research, unlike other companies, we charge our clients very reasonably. Reasonable rates let all and sundry to use our services. We believe in keeping our clients abreast with the developments in their jobs. This practice prevents us from future hassle of modifications. Winning our clients is more important to us. Therefore, we have introduced refund policy on the logo design; though in the entire history of Infinity Logo Design we have ever needed to refund money to our clients. They have always loved the results. Some of them have become our lifetime members while others drop by occasionally. High quality deigns, reasonable rates and fastest turnaround time with 24/7 customer services have made Infinity Logo Design one of the most preferred design service amongst people.
Towards Sustainable Clean Ship Design by Oladokun Sulaiman
Diposting oleh Nutrisi Probiotik Burung Label: design Grafis News1.0 Overview
In human civilization to industrial from Stone Age, then computer to information and multimedia innovative technological age, it has just been about building and forgetting things around us including environment. Today human sensitivity is aggressively defining age as an age of sensitivity and for safety and environment. Every thing we have been building for years during transition in those ages have been built with ignorance, oblivion or lack of consciousness to the environment or simply as a result of oblivion that they are part of us. The term “environmental issues” usually implies one of two interpretations: 1) Wind, waves, tides, sediment characteristics and/or other environmental factors involved in Channel design and usage, 2) Environmental protection in the sense of reducing the negative impact on water quality or aquatic and coastal habitat quality. In the first sense of the term, all concern need to agree that methods for predicting and reporting environmental conditions have greatly improved and this should be able to give us direction as long as we are ready to connect the dots. This paper will address and give insight into the following questions in regard to burning flame of environment and impact to ship design: What is the current situation? ?What is the desired situation? Why is there a difference between the current and the desired situation? What are the impediments to change? How can these impediments be most effectively addressed?
2.0 Introduction
In shipping and associated industries, ship protection and marine pollution are respectively interlink in term of safety and environment, conventionally ship safety is being deal with as its occurrence result to environmental problem. Ship Pollution seem to be very small, especially considering emission, but today culmination of oversight regarding emission seem to be back - firing against us from ozone layer depletion to the incessant flooding and more seem to be on the way if we don’t question or caution ourselves, again, shipping is not left behind in this, in fact, it seem to be the most to get hit by next big environmental revolt. Pollutions is about accident and accident it, about because, the later is the cause of the former. Sequel with this, this paper will address environmental impacts to ship design with respect to human, safety, ship reliability, channel, and maneuverability factors and everything that surround us and ship. And of course ship design consideration that needs to be incorporated in the ship design and the design process regarding these enumerated factors.
In respect to the above, current situation, will be examined, policy, demand, mitigation and way to move forward will be addressed. Emphasize on importance of simulation, risk assessment of restricted channel and new generation or class of larger ships that coming to market including the need to introduce maritime environment awareness in maritime curriculum by laying emphasize to simulation of real and fictitious ships. Need to incorporate as much of cybernetic technology in navigational and maritime operations and finally actionable navigation, marine environment mitigation measure, recommendation for improving the safety of navigation and protection of the marine environment by enhancing cost effective state of art sustainable of ship that has great controllability in extreme whether and restricted water areas.
Likewise, for many years, less attention has been given to ship life cycle, material properties, and frequency matching with the environment has resulted to corrosion. Also ship scraping, and what happen to the environment after ship scraping, yes a lot of recycling, but little or no attention is given to the residual material that find their ways to pollute the clean beautiful sea. Other areas of concern are channel design criteria ships, controllability in dredged channels, and ?ship maneuverability as a consideration in the Design Process. All in all, preventive and control incorporating sensible measures in ship design can only optimize method and give us confidence on our environment. Focal areas that are will need revolutionary changes in ship design that will be identified in this paper are:
1. Material selection to withstand structural, weight, economical lifecycle anticorrosion and fouling
2. Incorporating ship simulation at early stage of ship design
3. Structural scantly to withstand structural function, reliability, integrity, weight, economical lifecycle
4. Incorporation maneuvering ship simulation at early stage of design iteration
5. Incorporate new close loop environmental disposal technology system to make new ships environmental safe.
3.0 Environmental issue – a blessing in disguise
The million dollar answer is that whether we start in order to make clean ships, the optimal choice we have is to design shipboard pollution control system that will allow us to treat or process all ship waste on board or allow us to incorporate or integrating such system in existing ship. Most especially, incorporating such system in earlier ship design process through forming basic concept to set aside enough space on board and make the most of the overall design of scalable and efficient .Yes, we need to design system that will allow us to destroyed waste on board the ship and those that not be destroyed will be treated so that discharge. Due to advert environmental causality and impact of recent days, sensitivity has caused serious policy and more will follow, already we have deadline for some. If we don't do this now, what we will see are similitude of : Inconvenience of discharge regulation;More MARPOL special discharge areas ;Augmentation of Confusion caused by waste signature – advert of floating of debris
Now, considering the beneficent part of this contemporary issue, environmentally sound ship- self-contained and independent of shore facilities for shipboard waste management will end up reducing logistic requirement and costs.Time has already seen how ineconomy and inconvenience it is for ships pumping liquid waste to pier side reception facilities, offload solid waste and excess hazardous material for disposal – vessel are astronomically being charge substantial costs by private contractors to disposed these generated wastes, beside this, who don’t like good names, good names is attached to being responsible, and be among the clean ship in port state control report to IMO. With this, green ship will nonetheless give the following beneficial business advantages to clean ships:
* They will be significant ship of tomorrow; they will be the ship with good pride and public image that will provide leadership definition to shipping companies of tomorrow.
* They will be safer, environmental friendly, everything around them including marine recourses will be safe
* They will maintain good relationship with legislation and environmental agencies hence minimizes the risk of fines and litigation.
* Helps control operational pollution, minimizing the risk of an environmental incident.
* Enables companies to demonstrate a proactive approach to environmental protection.
* Helps companies to gain recognition of investment in pollution control technology.
* Improves operational efficiency will Provides confidence that environmental risk is being managed effectively. High levels of environmental performance can create competitive advantage
Today, environmentally conscious world there is already so mush pressure on ship-owners to minimize the impact of their operations on the environment. And again more are coming, luckily we are in an age of Innovation and development in this information and technological age has involved activities in relation to speed, safety, reliability, miniaturization, cost, mobility and networking in most industries this is the poweress of human civilization, we have the technology it is matte of exercising more creativity witting our limited time to manipulate our system to in order o come up with sustainable system.
4.0 Why environmental issue become a hot issue
Over the last decade, each passing years has been augmented concerned about issue of environment importance in design, construction, operation and beneficial disposal of marine articraft .the overriding force is increasing the resources of the planet that we live and that only a few are renewable. This accumulated to production that has elements of long-term sustainability of the earth. Precipitated effect over the year has call for public awareness and translated into impact through these two main manners:
Commercial forces: where company that or product that operate in unenvironmental friendly way, people are prone to spurn the companies products and service, there fore having impact on company return on investment.
Regulations: public pressure on governmental and non-governmental organization regulation due to untold stories of disaster and impact, the public is very concerned and in need of fact that if the quality of life of people enjoy is to be sustained, for them and the future generation then the environment must be protected. conspicuous issue, expertise and finding of regulations make them to go extra length on unseen issue, contrasting between the two, while commercial force act on hat will be forth problems.
Ship Concept design is very important in shipping and it account for 80 percent of failure, therefore compliance and making of optimal design has a great impact in ship whole life cycle. The impact of environment in ship design is very difficult because of large numbers of uncertainties. Environmental impact hat need to be taken into considerations in concept design can be classified into the following:
Construction -Energy and pollution – these come into picture when multidirectional thinking give wisdom on what happen during transportation, mining, rolling of material that will be used.
Operations: considering limiting life cycle of ships at estimate of 20 years, issues relating to the following are equally not easy to quantify in design work, even thus a lot of research effort has been set on move on this, but the call of the day require allowable clearance and solution to be given to the following: Known emission, Accidental, Ballast waste, Coating.
Disposal: issue of disposal that cover waste and emission and as well as what to do with the ship at the end of her life cycle.
5.0 Major impact areas
Environmental protection shall be considered a design constraint when evaluating cost, schedule, and performance of systems under development and for product improvement of those that have been deployed. The cognizant engineer shall consider the environmental impact of proposed actions, and a mitigation plan developed where required to supports unrestricted operations by developing, producing, installing, and managing all shipboard equipment, systems, and procedures to reduce and manage shipboard wastes in compliance with existing and anticipated environmental restrictions worldwide without jeopardizing ship mission, survivability, or habitability.
5.1 Sequel to the above we can deduce that these major effects from ships environmental impacts are:
· Intentional and unintentional discharge (oil, garbage, antifouling paint, air emission, on indigenous species from ballast water
· Environmental damage and pollution due to port activities
· Disturbance of marine environmental (collision and noise)
* Emission from scraping of ships at the end of their life cycle
Risk associated with environmental issue n ship and in ship designing is:
1. Accidental risk – marine accident that could result to oil spills which then, end up degrading our environment GESAMP reported that 400-300 thousands of oil entered the world ocean (GEASMP, 1993), collision with marine mammal, which then cause propeller injuries
2. Operational risks-socio economic impacts to marine ecology, habitat, and coastal infrastructures are affected though operational activities that result to oil spill, emission, ballast water, garbage, contamination, antifouling and dredging activities.
In addition to this according to RINA Publication, the table shows typical 100 years ITH standards measurements of global warming potential for a substance are shown in table1
Fig. 1 - Global worming potential (GWP) of various compound- source
5.2 Impact -vessel, channel and maneuverability- in the context of ship design the impacts areas are: Shipping Trends, Channel Design Criteria, Ship Maneuverability, Ship Controllability, and Use of Simulators in Channel Studies. Since world II many nations built port but forget about maintaining them while shipyard continues to build larger ships. Physical dimension and ratio of ships to channel has got impact in today’s ship controllability design are:
1. Ships’ increase ship beam expansion where as channel width is not, Length/beam (L/B) ratio
2. Radius of turns and turning areas-Radius of turns is directly related to navigation safety and protection of the marine environment, large rudder angles are needed to navigate small radius turns Rudder size;
3. Power/tonnage ratio;
4. Minimum bare steerage speed; and Windage
6. International maritime organization
6.1 Policies and procedures build-up –Pollution/ Emission prevention and control
International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973, It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution I was modified by the protocol on of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), MARPOL cover:
o Annex I- oil
o Annex II-noxious liquid chemicals
o Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
o Annex III-sewage
o Annex IV- emission and air pollution (Sox, Nox and green house gas, emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
New coming annex to MARPOL –Talk is going on passing new annex that will cover:
· Control and management of ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
· Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling coating 0- phase out scheduled for 2008
Marine environmental protection committee (MEPC) – IMO technical committee forming subcommittee on specific issue to implement regulation towards necessary mitigation
International convention on oil pollution, Response and cooperation (OPRC)- 1990 – policy to combating major incidents or threats of marine pollution through port state control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger to its coastline from a maritime casualty. Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances.
Classification societies- Classification society are aggressively building service on Environment Protection notation, and various performance indicator to get all concern committed to running an environmentally sound ships.
Lloyds- Lloyds through risk assessment holistic method has defined the following effects as clean ship the benchmark standard. As Lloyd put it “These will help you gain recognition for your additional investment in specific aspects of pollution control. Using the Rules as a framework our surveyors and environmental specialists can work with you to tailor environmental protection solutions to your specific needs”
Dnv -DnV has equally lunched EMBLA database integrated project hat will manage discharge of ballast water.
European Union - Recently the union has embarked on multinational project call MARTOB ballast water
Montreal Protocol -Some 110 governments attended the (9th Meeting of the Parties) of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, September 1997 where several important decisions were reached, including the tightening of restrictions on several destructive chemicals.
6.2 Policies and procedures build-up - collision preventions and control -Although ships may spend 90 – 98 percent of their operational lives underway at sea speed in deep water, it is during the mandatory beginning and end of every voyage when the risk of collisions, and groundings are highest. Ensuring the ability to maintain complete and positive control of a ship’s movement during these segments of a voyage is absolutely vital if that risk of navigation safety and protection of the marine environment is to be reduced. According to INTERTANKO’s 1996 Port and putting bigger and bigger ships (and more of them) into the same old channel:
· The design limit for trim by the stern for a tanker is 0.015L in accordance with Regulation 13 of MARPOL 73/78, Annex I. This information, which is based on tests conducted in deepwater, includes a turning circle diagram as well as tables showing time and distance to stop the vessel from full and half-speed.
· IMO Resolution A601 (15), which was adopted in 1987, contains recommendations for ensuring maneuvering information is available on board ship.
· The 1995 Seafarers’ Training, Certification and Watch keeping Code, Section A-VIII/2 part 3-1, and article 49 require the master and pilot to “exchange information regarding navigation procedures, local conditions and the ship’s characteristics.”
· A Marine Board study assessed the use of numerical simulation technology to train mariners and concluded that while modeling accuracy is sufficient for deep-water operations; modeling requires refinement to provide the accuracy needed for shallow and restricted water operations.
6.3 Ship design policy build-up -In 1971, IMO adopted Resolution A.209 (VII) establishing recommendations regarding posting maneuvering 9 Regulation II-1/29.3.2 of SOLAS requires rudder movement from 35 degree on either side to 30o on the other to occur in 28 seconds or less.
IMO approved circular MSC/Circ.389 in 1985 establish interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability -Rudder size and effectiveness, Ability to transit at slow forward speed, Propulsion and propeller characteristics, Number of available engine reversals, Adequate horsepower for control, Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship crabbing from wind forces or moored ship suction, Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangement, Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics and effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships, Air draft, Emergency anchoring ability, Amount of tow line leads and line access.
7.0 Current Ship design practice
Existing design tools cannot, at least with any degree of reliability, be used to design a vessel and ensure it will ensure environmental reliability and adequate maneuverability in shallow or restricted waters neither can it be use to satisfy demand need by clean ships . In part this is because of the extreme on-linearity of hull and propulsion characteristics under these conditions. In general, naval architects and marine engineers are educated and equipped with knowledge, skills, and design processes that permit continuous checking and balancing of constraints and design tradeoffs of vessel capabilities as the design progresses.
The intended result of the process is the best design given the basic requirements of speed, payload, and endurance nor where the waste is going. Focus is not placed on how the channels and waterways are designed. Perhaps even more importantly, there is a general lack of understanding of the operational scenario regarding piloting of vessels in constrained waterways. Only recently has there been a real attempt to fully integrate human operational practices with vessel design. The involvement of human beings onboard vessels both extends and restricts the inherent vessel maneuvering capabilities vastly complicating the necessary methodology for assuring safe and efficient operations. Taking waste issue and restricted waterway maneuverability as an important part of ship design spiral would seem a necessary step to enabling proper tradeoffs in vessel design. The reality is that maneuverability and pollution protection is still not an important consideration in ship design of many merchant ships. The result is that design decisions that can compromise environment and collision are decided in favor of other factors. Only with consideration of the full range of ship and channel design and human factors relationships affecting maneuverability will we be able to produce an efficient and safe environmental friendly marine transportation system. Now that the new issue of environment is around, then we have to squeeze in more stuff in the spiral.
Table 1 – parameters s demand and impact
Environmental parameters
Environmental Demand
Impact areas
Ship design,
Need for longer safe life cycle
New limit definition, Correct material selection, Material technology, Quality control of safety and environment
Construction
High worker safety standards, Low energy input
Improved hull hydrodynamic,
Emission
Minimum pollution and emission, Minimum Sox, Nox and green house gas-Zero discharge
Advance Close loop process on board,Waste recycling equipment, Improve training
Scrapping
Zero harmful emission
Beneficial disposal
Operations waste,
Efficient maneuverability
Improve maneuverability
Energy
Maximum fuel efficiency
Engine design, use of alternative energy
Antifouling
Harmless
Biocide free technology
Ballast water
Zero biological invasion or transfer of alien species
Segregated ballast tanks, Improved ballast water tank design, Ballast water treatment, Ballast water data base
Sea mammal
Interaction
Maneuverability capability
Safer ship structure design, Improve maneuvering capability, Navigation AID, misinformation, Exchange, Reeducation
Accident
Able officer, Ship structure, Integrity
New monitoring through port sate control
Fire
Harmless
Halon phase out
Wave wash of High speed
Marine craft
Zero inundation and spray ashore
Moderation of hydrodynamic force
8.0 Mitigation
8.1 Shipboard and waste emission outline –treatment and elimination - Pollution Prevention (P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship. Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally harmful substances and generate less waste on board. Pollution Control: Increase treatment, processing, or destruction of wastes on board.
The basic P2 principles follow:
Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals, such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs), toxic antifoulant hull coatings, and other hazardous materials, may be the best approach for some potential problems.
Fig.2-Treatment and emission
Reducing the amount of waste we generate on board is often better that treating it on board: for example, reducing the amount of plastics and other packaging materials taken aboard may simplify solid and plastics-waste management? Similarly, reducing the volume of liquid wastes generated (such as graywater) may simplify onboard liquid-waste treatment.
1. For the wastes and hazardous materials that cannot be prevented, we must develop pollution-control strategies and technologies.
Other technical mitigation measures are:
Antifouling
* Toxic approach uses other metals such copper and zinc, or agrochemicals e.g. triazines
* Fouling release approach use physical properties of low surface energy coating cause the very weak attachment of fouling organisms. E.g. silicone based coating
* Fouling deterrence –marine organism not know for fouling like corals are use
* Mobile hull cleaning is also being use operationally
Ballast water discharge
* On board treatment – chemical (chlorination), physical treatment (Ultra violet light, heat treatment), filtration and cyclonic separation, shore base treatment is sometime being used but not common.
* Operational mitigation based on information of biological difference between coastal ocean water where ballast and ballasting is done accordingly.
Air emission
* Sulfur reduction in bunker fuel
* Nitrogen reduction to choice of propulsion system
* On board Cataleptics system like charlatanic converter, water injection, emulsion
* Operationally sped reduction and use of shore power connection has been implemented
8.2 Ship collision control and prevention outlines- Most accident are attributed to a flagrant controllability problem and the remain the classic impetus necessary to make improvements to safety and environmental protection, and we e need to do more to ensure adequate vessel maneuverability perhaps better matching of vessel, channel, and operational practices.
Ship maneuverability as major iterative element of design spiral-ship maneuverability is not considered particularly important during the design process, because Owners generally do not include maneuverability requirements as part of the design specification; Firm deep- and shallow/restricted-water maneuvering standards that can be applied during the design process should be established.
Modeling and simulation -Collection of data using dual frequency DGPS receivers and proper analysis needs to be supported to enable unlocking our understanding of restricted water operations.
9.0 Environmental technology
9.1 Recent development coalition control work -Environmental technology also become hot as issue of environment start burning, this might be a start of another evolution, as environmental technology product will start selling good.
9.1 Recent environmental performance
1. 1 Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air-Conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendly refrigerant HFC-236fa conversion kit has been established by NSWCCD.
1. Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is the machine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper, cardboard, or food waste. The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry, which is then discharged overboard. Studies show an immediate 100,000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wake of a ship. Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper, cardboard, and food waste just about anywhere and at anytime—at sea including MARPOL areas.
1. Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers: Many bilge cleaners the Navy uses today contain long-lasting emulsifying agents, which produce stable oil-in-water emulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process.
1. Shipboard Wastes and Emissions
To improve the reliability of sanitary waste system sewage transfer-pump suction and discharge gauges, naval research laboratory the ring-gauge isolator is adopting, Thermal Destruction and integrated liquid discharge system, the later is a concept where ultra filtration membrane systems would concentrate bilgewater, graywater, and sewage (as previously described); the clean effluents would be discharged; and the concentrates would be evaporated/incinerated in a thermal-destruction system.
Fig. 2 – integrated liquid discharge system concept- source - NRL
9.2 Recent development coalition control work - A number of promising developments that exist today are:
1. Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach that permitted analysis of passing situations that would help set procedural standards for safe passing.
2. IanDand reported on the development of models for ships squat that have shown very good accuracy over the years.
3. Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequency DGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale ship trial data. In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracy of the normal DGPS receiver, these receivers provide vertical location with an accuracy measured in centimeters.
10.0 The future
There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain of success than to take a lead in the introduction of a new order of things because the innovation has for enemies all those have done well under the old conditions and lukewarm defenders in those who may do well under new.
Machiavelli, the prince
Recent Safety and Environmental Strategic focus on developing metrics to measure and evaluate progress. The key issues and actions are incorporated in the clean ship concept. Ships owner and operators must understand the need to include wastes stream management in mission requirement in the design stages, with the goal of ships being in compliance. Ship designer must pursue technologies to reduce or eliminate waste streams. The metrics use to monitor progress towards achieving environmentally sound ships will focus on shipboard pollution control equipment installations, specifically the planned versus actual installations. Each waste stream or environmental pollutant, equipment installations, the percentage of total installations completed versus the planned percentage, will be used as a measure of progress for that waste stream. For waste streams and contaminants for which no equipment has been approved or anticipated, the metric will born many R&D for necessary findings . We must take a lead in effectively integrating pollution prevention and safety into the design and life cycle of our ships, systems, ordnance into the execution of our processes, and into the operation. Managing the whole process is another thing; environmental management can be optimizing by incorporating the following concept in our system:
1. Goal based , risk based and holistic design approach
2. Total cost minimization concept,
3. Innovative safety and environmental strategy management and integration,
Planning for uncertainty and risk, R(P1c) = R(E1) x W(E1,P1) + R(E2) x W(E2,P1) + R(E4) x W(E4,P1)
Where: R= rating, E= environmental factor, P= Policy factor
1. Probabilistic and stochastic validation
2. Education and training
11.0 Conclusion - Working better by working together
Amazingly, it seem that everything is need to be integrated in order for the world to function, this sounds ironical, even thus the environment has naturally integrated everything, the same apply to maritime on issue of safety and marine environmental impact control and protection, it is important to for the main players in design (pilots, regulators, channel designers, simulator experts and ship operators),and all concerned to share experience Regarding differences in rules and among regulators, about rules that are taken too light , sensitivity of area, degrees of hazard for various ship types ,Naval architects and ship handlers alike should take the importance of importance green house and green ship issue and (and difficulty) of the passing maneuver unrestricted waters .
Environmental issue has become so sensitive because it is more or less of evidence that nature has exercise enough patience, impact has reach flash point and those who are knowledgeable about the behavior of matter and environment could sense potential of contagious chain of reaction that can lead to heavy calamity destruction and lost. Treating the issue equally required hybridizations of all the methodology we have been using- objectives and subjective, reactive and proactive, and of course newly holistic institutionalized method that compare and consider trend analysis of every elements of what we are dealing with.
References
1) Bian Hayman, Mario Dogkgliani,,Ivar, Kevale,Anik Margerholm Fet ,2000.Technologies for reduced environemenatal impact of ships- shipbuilding , maintenace and dismantling,Proc. ENSUS`2000,UK,pp2-24
2) Watson, David G. M. Practical Ship Design. NewYork: Elsevier, 1998.
3) Landsburg, A.C., J.C. Card, C.L. Crane, P.R. A lman,W.R. Bertsche, J.W. Boyleston, H. Eda, V.F.McCallum, I.R. Miller, and A. Taplin, "Design and Verification for Adequate Ship Maneuverability,” NAME Transactions, Vol. 91, 1983.
4) GESAMP (1993) Impact of oil and related chemicals and wastes on marine environment, GEAMP reports and studies No50 joint group of expert of marine pollution. Available at: http://www.gesamp.imo.org/no65/
5) IMO (2000) marine environmental protection committee 44th session available at: http: www.imo.org/meeting/44.html
6) IMO (1998a) MARPOL Focus on IMO
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Google celebrate 10 year anniversary
Diposting oleh Nutrisi Probiotik Burung Label: Internet Biz, IT NewsIt all began in the summer of 1995, when Larry Page and Sergey Brin met at Stanford University (Brin showed Page around the school). The two students founded Google - named after googol, the term for 1 followed by 100 zeros - a year later in a suburban garage. It was incorporated on September 7 1998 - which became Google's birthday.
With millions using Google every day, it is regularly voted one of the world's top brands. Page and Brin have been described as the Thomas Edisons of the internet. But some worry that it has become a major threat to privacy. Google's tentacles are everywhere.
It runs services for blogging, email, instant messaging, shopping and social networking. It also offers a suite of word processing, spreadsheet and other tools to rival Microsoft's products in the workplace, and is building a software platform for mobile phones that may challenge Apple's iPhone and others.
This week Google launched Chrome, a new web browser, opening up another front in its battle with Microsoft.
Google was also accused of selling out and reneging on its "Don't be evil" motto when it launched in China in 2005. The company modified the version of its search engine in China to exclude controversial topics such as the Tiananmen Square massacre or the Falun Gong movement, provoking a backlash in its core western markets.
Its founders admitted last year that the decision to censor its search engine in China was bad for the company.
Timeline
1995
· Larry Page and Sergey Brin meet at Stanford University
1996
· Now computer-science students, Page and Brin begin collaborating on a search engine called BackRub, named for its ability to analyse website backlinks for relevance
· The first version of Google is released on the Stanford University website in August
1997:
· Google.com is registered
1998
· An unincorporated Google Inc receives its first investment: $100,000 (£56,000) from Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim
· Google sets up a workspace in a garage in Silicon Valley
· Google files for incorporation in California, granted on September 7 - now celebrated as Google's birthday
1999
· Google outgrows its garage office and moves to an office with eight employees
· The company gets $25m of venture capital and moves to Mountain View
2000
· The first 10 language versions of Google.com are released: French, German, Italian, Swedish, Finnish, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Norwegian and Danish
· Does a deal with Yahoo to become its default search provider
· Google becomes the world's largest search engine with the first billion-URL index
2001
· In its first public acquisition Google buys Deja.com's Usenet Discussion Service, an archive of 500m discussions dating back to 1995
· Eric Schmidt becomes chairman, then chief executive
· Page and Brin are appointed presidents of products and technology, respectively
2002
· Major partnership with AOL
· Google News launched, with 4,000 sources
2003
· American Dialect Society members vote "google" the most useful word of the year for 2002
· Acquires Pyra Labs, the creators of Blogger
2004
· Gmail launched
· Google goes public: IPO at $85 a share
· Partnerships announced with leading libraries and universities to digitally scan millions of books from their collections
2005
· Google Maps and Google Earth launched, a satellite imagery-based mapping service, followed by Google Talk
2006
· Google goes live in China
· Acquires video-sharing site YouTube
2007
· Street View in Google Maps debuts in five US cities
· Acquires DoubleClick, an online advertising company
2008
· New Yahoo partnership announced
· Real-time stock quotes go live on Google Finance for the first time
· Belgian newspapers push for up to €49m (£39.4m) in damages from Google for publishing and storing their content without paying or asking permission
· Surprise launch of new web browser Chrome in September
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